新冠肺炎COVID-19中和抗体动态变化

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Seow, J., Graham, C., Merrick, B. et al. Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Nat Microbiol 5, 1598–1607 (2020).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-00813-8

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Defining the features and duration of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with disease severity and outcome

https://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/5/54/eabe0240

Science Immunology  07 Dec 2020:
Vol. 5, Issue 54, eabe0240
DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0240

Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, particularly those preventing viral spike receptor binding domain (RBD) interaction with host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, can neutralize the virus. It is, however, unknown which features of the serological response may affect clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We analyzed 983 longitudinal plasma samples from 79 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 175 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients and asymptomatic individuals. Within this cohort, 25 patients died of their illness. Higher ratios of IgG antibodies targeting S1 or RBD domains of spike compared to nucleocapsid antigen were seen in outpatients who had mild illness versus severely ill patients. Plasma antibody increases correlated with decreases in viral RNAemia, but antibody responses in acute illness were insufficient to predict inpatient outcomes. Pseudovirus neutralization assays and a scalable ELISA measuring antibodies blocking RBD-ACE2 interaction were well correlated with patient IgG titers to RBD. Outpatient and asymptomatic individuals’ SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, including IgG, progressively decreased during observation up to five months post-infection.

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A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-020-00588-2

Abstract
Understanding the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical in terms of protection against reinfection and, thus, for public health policy and vaccine development for COVID-19. In this study, using either live SARS-CoV-2 particles or retroviruses pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 S viral surface protein (Spike), we studied the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response in serum samples from a cohort of 140 SARS-CoV-2 qPCR-confirmed infections, including patients with mild symptoms and also more severe forms, including those that required intensive care. We show that nAb titers correlated strongly with disease severity and with anti-spike IgG levels. Indeed, patients from intensive care units exhibited high nAb titers; conversely, patients with milder disease symptoms had heterogeneous nAb titers, and asymptomatic or exclusive outpatient-care patients had no or low nAbs. We found that nAb activity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients displayed a relatively rapid decline after recovery compared to individuals infected with other coronaviruses. Moreover, we found an absence of cross-neutralization between endemic coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, indicating that previous infection by human coronaviruses may not generate protective nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we found that the D614G mutation in the spike protein, which has recently been identified as the current major variant in Europe, does not allow neutralization escape. Altogether, our results contribute to our understanding of the immune correlates of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, and rapid evaluation of the role of the humoral response in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is warranted.

Legros, V., Denolly, S., Vogrig, M. et al. A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity. Cell Mol Immunol (2021).  

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Peng, P., Hu, J., Deng, Hj. et al. Changes in the humoral immunity response in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients over 8 months. Cell Mol Immunol (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-00605-4

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41423-020-00605-4


Longitudinal analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in convalescent individuals up to 8 months post-symptom onset

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.428097v1


Humoral responses in naive or SARS-CoV-2 experienced individuals vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41421-021-00311-z

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RE: Why there is a second wave in India?
Prajjval Pratap Singh, Scientist,
Cytogenetics laboratory, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India-221005
Other Contributors:
Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Molecular Anthropologist
(10 April 2021)
Why there is a second wave in India?

Prajjval Pratap Singh1, Gyaneshwer Chaubey1 and BHU Serosurveillance Consortium

1 Cytogenetics laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India-221005

Dear Editor,
Buss et al. 1 have found >50% of seroprevalence among populations of Manaus. Brazil. This study has added a ray of hope to achieve herd immunity. However, we have taken a case of Indian city with >40% of seroprevalence, and shown here that the achieving herd immunity by infection is more hypothetical than real in case of SARS-CoV-2.
The recent steep rise of new cases in India have added a major concern 2. In the light of recent serosurveys in India, it was clear that many of the previous hotspots are saturated with approximately 50% of the seropositive individuals 3,4. With the recent explosion in cases, it has been seen that, most of the new hotspots are least affected, however, old hotspots do have substantial number of cases. Such rapid expansion of COVID-19 cases in India has raised an uncertainty on the existence of antibody among large number of individuals.
To investigate the key reason behind the second wave in India, we have revisited the people who have already shown seroprevalence in our previous survey 4. In addition with that, we have also included ten symptomatic individuals who have been tested with RT-PCR and their antibodies have been positive previously.
In this study, we have retested 100 people with the antibody kit CoviscreenTM from district Varanasi of India. Surprisingly, only seven individuals out of 100 showed seropositivity, suggesting that majority of individuals have lost their antibody within 3-6 months (Fig. 1). The frequency of seroprevalence significantly (p<0.0001) reduced from 0.409 (95% CI 0.362-0.457) to 0.07 (95% CI 0.035-0.068). Nevertheless, reports on other regions of world have also shown variable time estimates about the presence of antibodies after the infection 5–9.
Thus, here we explain the major reason for the second wave in India which is likely due to diminished antibody level from large number of seroprevalent population. One of the major driving component of this resurgence was due to broken wall of immunity landscape, formed during first wave of infection. However, it is less likely for a person to be critical in case of reinfection 10. This should significantly reduce the case fatality ratio in the second wave.

References
1. Buss, L. F. et al. Three-quarters attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon during a largely unmitigated epidemic. Science 371, 288–292 (2021).
2. Coronavirus in India: Latest Map and Case Count. https://www.covid19india.org.
3. Murhekar, M. V. et al. SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in India, August–September, 2020: findings from the second nationwide household serosurvey. Lancet Glob. Health 9, e257–e266 (2021).
4. Singh, P. P. et al. Estimation of real-infection and immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Indian populations. medRxiv (2021).
5. Crawford, K. H. et al. Dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers in the months after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 223, 197–205 (2021).
6. Hueston, L. et al. The antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. in Open forum infectious diseases vol. 7 ofaa387 (Oxford University Press US, 2020).
7. L’Huillier, A. G. et al. Antibody persistence in the first 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital workers: a prospective longitudinal study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. (2021).
8. Pradenas, E. et al. Stable neutralizing antibody levels 6 months after mild and severe COVID-19 episodes. Med (2021).
9. Wang, K. et al. Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2020).
10. Abu-Raddad, L. J. et al. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a cohort of 43,000 antibody-positive individuals followed for up to 35 weeks. medRxiv (2021).

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